A comparison of ground-based count methods for quantifying seed production in temperate broadleaved tree species

Abstract • Key message Litter trap is considered the most effective method to quantify seed production, but it expensive and time-consuming. Counting fallen seeds using a quadrat placed on ground yields comparable estimates litter traps. Ground derived from either visual counting in field or image photographs are comparable, with latter being also robust terms of user sensitivity. Context Accurate forest production central for wide range ecological studies. As reference methods such as traps (LT) cost- time-consuming, there need fast, reliable, low-cost tools this variable field. Aims To test two indirect methods, which consist quadrats. Methods The trial was performed three broadleaved (beech, chestnut, Turkey oak) tree species. Seeds manually counted quadrats at (GQ) images acquired same (IQ) then compared against LT measurements. Results GQ IQ provide fast reliable both oak chestnut. In particular, sensitivity potentially enables automation process monitoring. A null-mast year beech hindered validation beech. Conclusion Quadrat powerful tool estimate production. We recommend cross-calibrate case estimating biomass. Quadrats could be used more routinely account their faster simpler procedure obtain measurements spatially extensive scales.